Protective immunity induced with the RTS,S/AS vaccine is associated with IL-2 and TNF-α producing effector and central memory CD4 T cells.

These differences were not significant for the post-second immunization cells but there was a strong trend (p = 0.052) for the 2 month post-challenge CD4 + T E/EM cells.

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With regard to effector cytokines, stimulation of CD4 + T E/EM cells from protected subjects with CSP peptides induced TNF-α secretion and once again both the frequency (highly significant) and the number (strong trend) of these TNF-α-producing CD4 + T E/EM cells were higher for protected vs. non-protected volunteers.

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