Relationships of cotinine and self-reported cigarette smoking with hemoglobin A1c in the U.S.: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2008.

Among people without diabetes or impaired fasting glucose, mean age-adjusted HbA 1c was slightly higher in participants with cotinine ≥3 ng/mL and participants with cotinine 0.05–2.99 ng/mL compared with participants with cotinine <0.05 ng/mL, with a significant trend across nicotine exposure categories suggesting a dose-response phenomenon.

also in 9,775 other papers