experiment 2) as a between-subjects factor demonstrated that humanness ascription during competitive interaction differed significantly from cooperative interaction, F (3.31, 134.75) = 14.17; p <.001, and showed a strong trend towards significance compared to the interaction with a naïve interactor, F (3.53, 148.21) = 2.34; p = .056.
In addition, although this was only a statistical trend, participants did report specific criteria for the ascription of humanness ( Figure S1d ) considerably less often in the cognitive load experiments compared to the experiments with increased cognitive load, χ 2 (1) = 3.27, p = .07.
Indeed, the results show a highly significant linear trend and demonstrate that, when interacting with a putatively naïve confederate, participants’ ratings in favor of a human interaction partner increased with increasing degrees of gaze-following.