The fact that ChR2-evoked changes in blood flow showed a trend towards increased magnitude upon blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors is suggestive of interneuron-mediated inhibition through tonic activation of presynaptic GABA-B receptors, as observed in the olfactory bulb [31] , [33] ; thus, the increased blood flow we observed could point to enhanced activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors through elevated presynaptic release of glutamate.
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Hemodynamic responses evoked by neuronal stimulation via channelrhodopsin-2 can be independent of intracortical glutamatergic synaptic transmission.
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