Elevated levels of serum IL-5 are associated with an increased likelihood of major depressive disorder.

In our study, the individuals with MDD had higher overall levels of both IL-13 and IFN-γ, but this difference did not reach statistical significance.

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Thus, the lack of adjustment for smoking in the study by Simon et al., as well as in our study with respect to our initial cross-sectional association (Table 1 ), may underlie our observation of only borderline significance for elevated IL-5 levels in MDD.

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