Characterising the mucosal and systemic immune responses to experimental human hookworm infection.

americanus were restimulated with NaES and showed increased antigen-specific production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, compared with PBMCs from uninfected controls, reaching a peak 12 weeks after infection ( Figure 2A–C ), although increases in IL-4 levels did not reach statistical significance.

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