Prospective care of heart failure in Japan: lessons from CHART studies.

EPMA J · 2011 · PMC3405413 · PMID 23199179

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a clear trendno p-value reported

HF patients in the CHART-2 Study were characterized by lesser use of loop diuretics and a higher use of angiotensin-II receptor blockers, but usage of β-blockers and RAS inhibitors was similar compared with that in Western studies. Primary results of the CHART-2 Study suggest that there has been a clear trend of increasing westernized etiology and risks among HF patients in Japan.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

Statistical data from Japan have also shown a decreasing trend in the crude cardiovascular mortality rate across all age groups since 1990.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

There is an increasing trend of diabetes and dyslipidemia, and the prevalence of smoking and hypertension continues to remain high.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.