The genetics of addiction-a translational perspective.

Using various carbohydrate-deficient transferrin indices, and adjusting for alcohol intake, a recent GWAS isolated the highly significant independent effects of variants in the transferrin ( TF , P =5.5 × 10 −43 ), and phosphoglucomutase 1 ( PGM1 , P =2 × 10 −9 ) genes on carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. 126 Neuroimaging phenotypes Neuroimaging outcomes are promising new endophenotypes for addiction.

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In addition, recent studies have found that sets of SNPs of nominal significance might be used to identify genomic regions that are over-represented across independent GWAS 97 , 98 —here as well, cell-adhesion genes, such as cadherins, are prominent, although only nominally significant in the individual studies.

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