What does carotenoid-dependent coloration tell? Plasma carotenoid level signals immunocompetence and oxidative stress state in birds-A meta-analysis.

Experiments that supplemented carotenoids rather than correlations with concentrations of carotenoids in blood resulted in significantly larger effect sizes (p = 0.006), but an analysis without the supplementation studies still yielded a highly significant overall effect size ( table 2 , p<0.0001).

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For example, when sex showed a trend in the overall model, we ran separate models for each sex.

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This may also be a reason why some of the between species moderators we examined in this study failed to reach significance.

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