highly significantP <0.0001
All correlations remained highly significant ( P <0.0001) after controlling for ethnicity, socioeconomic status, birth weight, placental weight, gestational age at delivery, parity, tobacco smoking status (0, 1–10 or >11 cigarettes smoked per day), labor onset, labor induction, labor duration, oxytocin administration, tocolytic administration, antenatal steroid administration, APH, PTB, and PROM in multiple regression analysis.