The neural substrates of deliberative decision making: contrasting effects of hippocampus lesions on performance and vicarious trial-and-error behavior in a spatial memory task and a visual discrimination task.

In this three-choice discrimination, the lesioned animals appeared to perform at a slightly higher level than the sham-lesioned animals (Figure 8A ), although this difference did not reach statistical significance [ F (1, 9) = 2.49, p = 0.15].

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