At all time points, the number of activated caspase-positive cells in the presence of tBHQ (30 μM) and NMDA (50 μM) was lower than the number of activated caspase-positive cells in the presence of NMDA alone, and at 6 h, the tBHQ reduction of NMDA-induced caspase activation was highly significant (40 ± 10% of NMDA-treated numbers, n = 9).
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Neuroprotective effects of phenolic antioxidant tBHQ associate with inhibition of FoxO3a nuclear translocation and activity.
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The sentences
tBHQ induced a clear trend towards increased phosphorylation of both the S1 (pFoxO3a ser 253 ) and S2 (pFoxO3a ser 319/321 ) sites by 149% and 151%, respectively, relative to total foxO3a levels without changing the total levels of FoxO3a or β-tubulin ( Fig 2b ).