moderately significantP = 0.011
The presence of male wings was important for mating, and there was also a moderately significant effect on mating rate when females did not have wings (male effect: χ 2 = 6.4, d.f. = 1; P = 0.011; female effect: χ 2 = 4.1, d.f. = 1; P = 0.042).