How we know it hurts: item analysis of written narratives reveals distinct neural responses to others' physical pain and emotional suffering.

Of the brain regions that loaded negatively on the first principal component ( Figure 2A ), ratings of Pain positively correlated with brain activity in left insula (pearson's r = 0.44, p<0.002), right insula (r = 0.43) and AMCC (r = 0.47), and showed a positive trend in lSII (r = 0.26, p<0.05) and rSII (r = 0.25, p<0.05); none of these brain regions were positively correlated with Suffering.

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Of the brain regions that loaded positively on the first principal component ( Figure 2B ), on the other hand, ratings of Suffering were significantly correlated with activity in the left anterior thalamus (r = 0.33) and DMPFC (r = 0.38), and showed a positive trend in the right anterior thalamus (r = 0.22, p<0.05); none of these brain regions were positively correlated with Pain, but the DMPFC showed a negative trend with ratings of Pain (r = −0.22, p<0.05).

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