A fragile zero watermarking scheme to detect and characterize malicious modifications in database relations.

In modification attack, a negative trend (high to low) is observed on attacked length, where as a positive trend (low to high) is observed on un-attacked length of data values.

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The insertion attack shows a positive increase (low to high) on attacked digits, where as a negative trend (high to low) is observed in attacked digits for deletion attack.

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