In contrast to the rapid flash response to proinflammatory cytokines, we observed only the trend of enhancement of flash activity in intact cartilage during the early phase of IL-1β or TNF-α challenge (0–30 min), but the increase did not reach statistical significance.
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Proinflammatory Cytokines Stimulate Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Articular Chondrocytes In Vitro and In Situ.
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