Elevated Norepinephrine may be a Unifying Etiological Factor in the Abuse of a Broad Range of Substances: Alcohol, Nicotine, Marijuana, Heroin, Cocaine, and Caffeine.

116 In ZSF1 rats, an animal model of obesity, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, chronic caffeine consumption showed a trend toward increasing plasma NE levels. 117 In human subjects, clonidine reduced alertness, impaired cognitive performance, and slowed saccadic eye movements; caffeine antagonized these impairments and opposed the blood pressure lowering effect of clonidine. 118 One interpretation of this study is that caffeine boosts noradrenergic signaling.

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