Partial sleep restriction activates immune response-related gene expression pathways: experimental and epidemiological studies in humans.

Up-regulated pathways included highly significant enrichment of inflammation and immunity related GOs ( P <0.001, P <0.05 after permutation) ( Tables 3 and S4 ).

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The expression of three of the ten most up-regulated genes from the experimental sleep restriction showed a trend for correlation with self-reported insufficient sleep among the DILGOM subjects: TLR4 ( P = 0.026, β = +0.27, P corrected = 0.26), HIPK3 ( P = 0.006, β = +0.90, P corrected = 0.059), and FCRL2 ( P = 0.018, β = +1.02, P corrected = 0.18), but it was not statistically significant after correction with the number of genes analyzed in the population sample (N = 10).

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