Transgenerational soil-mediated differences between plants experienced or naïve to a grass invasion.

Interactions between soil inoculum, inoculum sterilization, and seed type affect biomass A highly significant three-way interaction between inoculum origin, inoculum sterilization, and A. millefolium seed type ( Table 2 A; P = 0.002) ( Fig. 3 ) revealed a complex response of naïve and experienced A. millefolium to inoculum treatments.

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millefolium were indifferent to live or sterilized inocula from uninvaded areas, and, although they showed a trend toward greater growth when inocula from invaded areas was sterilized, they were not as inhibited as naïve plants by their live home soil biota.

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