Costs and benefits of competitive traits in females: aggression, maternal care and reproductive success.

There was no statistically detectable relationship between time-attacking and egg mass ( P >0.40); however, the data followed a similar pattern, no relationship in 2009 and a negative trend in 2010 ( Figure 2 ), (2009: P >0.50; 2010: R 2 = 0.23, P = 0.1179).

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However, in tree swallows ( Tachycineta bicolor ), this relationship varies according to population, negative at one study site and a positive trend at the other study site, suggesting that trade-offs may be driven by ecological variables rather than time limitations [45] .

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