Erythropoietin improves motor and cognitive deficit, axonal pathology, and neuroinflammation in a combined model of diffuse traumatic brain injury and hypoxia, in association with upregulation of the erythropoietin receptor.

J Neuroinflammation · 2013 · PMC3896698 · PMID 24344874

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0700

closest p · 1.4× alpha

0.0900

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significanceP = 0.07so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

This relationship was inverse at 14 days, at which time EPO-treated TAI rats had a sharp decrease in macrophages to approximately one-third, although this did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.07 ).

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a statistical trendP = 0.09so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Upon EPO administration, TAI rats did not show increased number of cells expressing the EpoR at 1 day; however at 7 days, there was a substantial increase of EpoR positive cells, with a statistical trend for increase over TAI vehicle rats (391.0 ± 118.70 versus 174 ± 58.23, P = 0.09 ).

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highly significantno p-value reported

Of particular interest for diffuse brain injury, we observed a highly significant reduction in the number of terminal axonal bulbs in the corpus callosum at 1 day using the cytoskeletal protein marker NF-200 in TAI + Hx + EPO rats when compared to TAI + Hx, indicating that EPO was able to prevent progression of secondary axonal pathology to a terminal state.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.