Smoking modifies the associated increased risk of future cardiovascular disease by genetic variation on chromosome 9p21.

For incident CAD, the associated effect of rs4977574 was found to be highly significant in never-smokers (HR 1.26 per risk allele; 95% CI 1.13–1.40; P<0.001) and former smokers (HR = 1.20 per risk allele; 95% CI 1.08–1.32; P<0.001), whereas this associated effect was attenuated and not significant in current smokers (HR = 1.05 per risk allele; 95% CI 0.95–1.16; P = 0.326) ( Table 3 , Figure 2 ).

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Level of education was associated with incident ischemic stroke, and a significant trend for association also with incident CAD and CVD-mortality could be observed across education categories.

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