Determinants of gastroesophageal reflux disease, including hookah smoking and opium use- a cross-sectional analysis of 50,000 individuals.

PLoS One · 2014 · PMC3931722 · PMID 24586635

Europe PMC DOI

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borderline significantno p-value reported

Among never cigarette smokers, hookah smoking had statistically significant or borderline significant associations with mild and moderate GERD symptoms, but the association with severe symptoms was non-significant.

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showed a trendno p-value reported

Waist to hip ratio showed a trend of association with daily GERD symptoms in men ( P for trend 0.04), but this association attenuated after adjustment for BMI.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.