a significant trendp <0.05
Taking the differences clearly leads to mean and variance stationary data, as a comparison of the three left panels of Figure 2 (original data) with its three right ones (differenced data) shows: all statistical tests (slope tests, Levene-s tests) reveal that none of the differenced TS show either a significant trend ( p <0.05) or heteroscedasticity ( p >0.1).