Chronic exposure of imidacloprid and clothianidin reduce queen survival, foraging, and nectar storing in colonies of Bombus impatiens.

Colonies showed a trend for fewer workers and males, no queen production, reduced number of wax pots, and reduced colony weight compared to controls [37] .

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In our study daughter queen production was not significantly different for imidacloprid treatments (0–100 ppb produced 5.7, 6.1, 4.3, 5.1; and 4.1 queens) although for clothianidin there was a nonsignificant trend for fewer queens produced in 10–100 ppb treatments (7.4, 3.1, 2.2, 1.1, and 1 queens).

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