Controlling for confounding effects of other phenotypes and phylogenetic proximity Even if a strong and highly significant correlation between increased expression in a COG and a phenotype is found, this in itself does not imply a causal relationship between the two variables.
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Inferring gene function from evolutionary change in signatures of translation efficiency.
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On closer inspection, the catalase COGs were enriched with HE genes in aerotolerant organisms ( katE 3.4-fold, katG/P 3.2-fold), but they had very few gene representatives in aerointolerant microbes (see Additional file 16 ) and did not reach statistical significance.