Targeting the programmed cell death 1: programmed cell death ligand 1 pathway reverses T cell exhaustion in patients with sepsis.

Compared to lymphocytes incubated with isotype control antibody, lymphocytes incubated in media containing anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody had a highly significant decrease in apoptosis, P <0.001, (Figure 4 ).

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Although there was a trend toward a correlation between PD-1 expression on CD4 T cells and the total number of circulating CD4 T cells, that is, the total number of circulating CD4 T cells was lowest in patients whose CD4 T cells expressed PD-1, this correlation did not reach statistical significance, ( P = 0.12), there was no correlation between PD-1 expression on CD8 T cells and the absolute numbers of CD8 T cells.

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