An altered intestinal mucosal microbiome in HIV-1 infection is associated with mucosal and systemic immune activation and endotoxemia.

In uninfected subjects, the relative abundance of Ruminococcus was generally low (median relative abundance: 0.69% of total bacteria, range: 0–6.62%), and although the median relative abundance was lower in HIV-1 infected subjects (0.07%, 0–2.12%), this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.15).

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