3.3 Regulation of NMDA and AMPA receptors in the hippocampus Flavonoid intervention induced highly significant increases in the levels of the NR2B subunit ( F 2,17 = 10.843, p < 0.001), for both the 8.7 mg dose ( p < 0.05) and the 17.4 mg dose ( p < 0.001).
Specially, there was a significant decrease in escape latency for the 17.4 mg flavonoid supplemented group in comparison to control for session 2, 3 and 4 ( p < 0.05), whilst the lower dose of 8.7 mg flavonoid group was significantly faster at sessions 2 and 3 ( p < 0.05) and marginally significant on the last session ( p = 0.07) ( Fig. 1 a).
Further post-hoc tests confirmed that the 17.4 mg flavonoid group exhibited significantly enhanced recall of the platform location ( p < 0.05) in comparison with control animals, whilst the 8.7 mg flavonoid group showed a trend for increased recall relative to control animals ( p = 0.1) ( Fig. 1 b). 3.2 Modulation of PSA-NCAM in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus PSA-NCAM expression in the adult dentate gyrus was found to be primarily associated with granule cell bodies located at the infragranular zone and their dendritic arbor that extended through the granular cell layer and into the molecular layer ( Fig. 2 ; white arrows).