Grasshoppers regulate N:p stoichiometric homeostasis by changing phosphorus contents in their frass.

2h ) and highly significant ( n = 45, r = −0.467, P = 0.001) at quadrat (cage) level ( Fig.

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However, frass P concentrations declined as grasshopper density increased, and the correlation between frass P and grasshopper density was marginally significant ( n = 5, r = −0.809, P = 0.097) at treatment-level ( Fig. 2h ) and highly significant ( n = 45, r = −0.467, P = 0.001) at quadrat (cage) level ( Fig.

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For food plants, N ( n = 6, r = −0.963, P = 0.002) and P ( n = 6, r = −0.925, P = 0.008) concentrations both decreased significantly and to similar extents as grasshopper density increased, thus, N:P ratios of food plants ( n = 6, r = −0.358, P = 0.485) did not exhibit a strong trend with grasshopper density ( Fig. 2a–c ).

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