1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in combination with transforming growth factor-β increases the frequency of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells through preferential expansion and usage of interleukin-2.

Although the presence of 10 −7 m 1,25(OH) 2 D3 in culture showed a trend to decreased IL-2 in culture (Fig. 3 a), TGF- β alone and in combination with 10 −7 m 1,25(OH) 2 D3 significantly increased the frequency of IL-2 + CD4 + T cells compared with 1,25(OH) 2 D3 alone (Fig. 3 a,b).

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