Diet and exercise orthogonally alter the gut microbiome and reveal independent associations with anxiety and cognition.

In agreement with numerous other studies, several highly significant relationships with body weight were seen at all levels of taxonomy including the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria (Additional file 5 : Table S3).

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In fact, anxiety relationships were found at all levels of taxonomy including family, order, class, and even phylum (Additional file 4 : Figure S2), although with these sample sizes they did not reach statistical significance when corrected for false discovery rate.

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We also found weaker associations with cognitive performance between bacteria from the order Clostridiales such as OTU39, 82, 79, and 57 (Figure 6 ), although these also did not quite reach significance when corrected for false discovery rate.

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