Environmental factors, toxicants and systemic lupus erythematosus.

However, drinking prior to lupus development is not associated with subsequent occurrence of SLE, and people diagnosed to have SLE were more likely to quit drinking, although it did not reach statistical significance [ 43 ].

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In a cross-sectional study performed in South and North Carolina, which involved 265 lupus patients and 355 healthy controls, the use of hair dye in women was shown to be associated with a small, yet marginally significant risk of SLE (OR 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0–2.2).

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