Tree-ring stable isotopes reveal twentieth-century increases in water-use efficiency of Fagus sylvatica and Nothofagus spp. in Italian and Chilean mountains.

With an overlap of 50 years (which is commonly used in tree-ring studies), GLK becomes significant (p<0.05) at 62% and highly significant (p<0.01) at 67%.

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Nevertheless, different bioclimatic regions can have opposite responses to global climatic change, and BAI of old trees showed an increasing trend over time in the Alps [21] .

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This rise in Ci as well as in iWUE represented a significant trend, which followed the increase in Ca in the past decades.

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