Carotenoids, birdsong and oxidative status: administration of dietary lutein is associated with an increase in song rate and circulating antioxidants (albumin and cholesterol) and a decrease in oxidative damage.

Nestbox-oriented song rate The two groups sang at the same rate before treatment (p = 0.57) increasing song rate over time (time, F (2,108) = 19.66, p<0.0001) with a nearly significant treatment×time interaction (F (2,108) = 2.79, p = 0.07; treatment, F (1,108) = 1.06, p = 0.31, Fig. 1b ).

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