Contrasting genetic diversity and population structure among three sympatric Madagascan shorebirds: parallels with rarity, endemism, and dispersal.

Although allelic variation of the Madagascar plover among watersheds was only marginally insignificant at α = 0.05, variation among populations within watersheds ( F SC = 0.079, P = 0.002; Table 3 ) and also within populations explained a greater amount of variance in our data ( F ST = 0.104, P < 0.001; Table 3 ).

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We also observed a clear trend in genetic diversity across the three species (Fig. 2A ,B), with the Madagascar plover having the lowest allelic richness and heterozygosity, the white-fronted plover having moderate diversity, and the Kittlitz's plover having the highest allelic richness and heterozygosity.

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