The dilemma of choosing a reference character for measuring sexual size dimorphism, sexual body component dimorphism, and character scaling: cryptic dimorphism and allometry in the scorpion Hadrurus arizonensis.

The initial DFA model, which included 14 characters measured from 137 scorpions, confirmed that morphological differences between the sexes were highly significant (Wilks’ Λ = 0.12, χ 2 = 266.87, df = 14, P < 0.001, canonical correlation = 0.936), with means for the discriminant function scores of-2.22 (range = -0.38 –-4.33) and 3.12 (range = 1.25–6.01) for females and males, respectively.

also in 132,142 other papers

Positive allometry with Met 1 W as the reference character (significant for males and approaching significance for females) similarly suggests selection arising from the functional roles of pectines in adults.

also in 2,640 other papers