Unexpected Inflammatory Effects of Intravaginal Gels (Universal Placebo Gel and Nonoxynol-9) on the Upper Female Reproductive Tract: A Randomized Crossover Study.

PLoS One · 2015 · PMC4503751 · PMID 26177352

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

TNFα, which was significantly elevated in the N9 compared to the no-gel arm, was also higher in the UPG arm but did not reach statistical significance.

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