a significant trendp < 0.01
Results Musicality Test ANOVA The mean of the musicality test for vocalists was 60.27, SD = 8.21, for instrumentalists 61.19, SD = 10.57, and for non-musicians/non-singers 52.22, SD = 7.69. There was a significant trend, F (2,56.81) = 11.52, p < 0.01, ω = 0.41, indicating that instrument playing and singing capacity heightens the perceptual abilities Planned contrasts revealed that vocalists are significantly better in discriminating musical statements than non-musicians/non-singers t (65.45) = 4.20, p < 0.01 (one-tailed).