Trends and variability of the atmosphere-ocean turbulent heat flux in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere.

As noted in a number of observational and modeling studies, the last decades witnessed a positive trend in zonal wind speed over the Southern Ocean, combined with a southward shift in the location of the zone of the highest wind speeds (i.e., prevalence of the positive phase of the SAM index 21 22 ).

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At present, we can only speculate that the increased variance of the cross-frontal temperature differences has been at least partly responsible for the lack of a negative trend in large and values, that can be seen in the affected zones along profiles A, B, E, and F.

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