Cattle Sex-Specific Recombination and Genetic Control from a Large Pedigree Analysis.

During the past forty years, males showed a decreasing trend in recombination rate that coincided with the artificial selection for milk production.

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However, recombination hotspot usage showed a non-significant, but two-stage trend in both sexes: an increasing trend before 2006 and a reduction after 2006 ( S9 Fig ).

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Identification of recombination hotspots with validation from pairwise linkage disequilibrium analysis We defined recombination hotspots as the SNP intervals with a recombination rate >2.5 standard deviations from the genome-wide average in males and females separately, because 2.5 standard deviations are highly significant departures from the average recombination in cattle given our large sample sizes in both sexes, consistent with the observations from a recent recombination study in cattle [ 29 ].

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In males, the association at PRDM9 was only nominally significant ( S13 Fig ).

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