only marginally significantp = 0.10
Although the differences were only marginally significant, F (2,57) = 2.31, p = 0.10, η p 2 = 0.08, the mean ratios of performance impairment by image manipulation in Experiment 3 (11.7 ± 2.6%; Mean ± SE) was larger than those in Experiment 2 (9.1 ± 2.2%) and Experiment 1 (4.7 ± 2.2%) for the direction detection task.