Current and Future Prospects for Epigenetic Biomarkers of Substance Use Disorders.

Among the remaining five array-based studies that did not replicate an association between smoking and cg05575921, two used a distinct cell type (buccal scrapings, fetal lung and placenta) [ 62 , 63 ], one examined newborns exposed in-utero [ 64 ], and in another, the probe was associated at p < 1 × 10 −4 but did not reach statistical significance.

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Of note, supplemental network and pathway analyses may be useful even in the absence of highly significant findings in order to elucidate the underlying biology of chronic substance exposure if they point toward relevant underlying biological pathways.

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