showed a trendp = 0.08
Analysis of change in PM alone showed a benefit to the intervention group (three studies, N = 340, SMD = −0.33, CI: [−0.62, −0.05], p = 0.02), while analysis of change in air nicotine alone showed a trend towards a benefit to the intervention group (air nicotine change: four studies, N = 421, p = 0.08).