Reconstructive surgery for hypospadias: A systematic review of long-term patient satisfaction with cosmetic outcomes.

However, they concluded that the self-concept and body image of hypospadias adolescents were intact as there was no significant difference in genital perception scores (although trending toward significance).

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whole body image;[ 39 ] adult patients (24–42 years) in Hungary reported significantly lower genital satisfaction than age-matched controls;[ 40 ] and 10 patients aged 11–18 years reported less satisfaction with their genitals, and a lower genital perception score than controls, but this difference did not reach statistical significance.[ 43 ] Other studies in the last 10 years have also found high levels of dissatisfaction with penile appearance postsurgery,[ 32 44 45 ] with levels of dissatisfaction related to severity of hypospadias.[ 42 ] Overall, while research does indicate differences in satisfaction with appearance between patients and controls, these studies suffer from low homogeneity due to variance in type of corrective surgery, hypospadias severity, and methodological design.

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