How to reduce the costs of ornaments without reducing their effectiveness? An example of a mechanism from carotenoid-based plumage.

Post hoc tests revealed that both central rectrices (i.e., L6 and R6) exhibited a significantly greater carotenoid chroma compared to all others (Table 1 ); however, the differences between L2 and R6 were only marginally significant (Table 1 ).

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