How eye movement and driving performance vary before, during, and after entering a long expressway tunnel: considering the differences of novice and experienced drivers under daytime and nighttime conditions.

The difference in alignment design and illumination layout is quite significant, which increases the difficulty of the driver’s visual perception and may eventually lead to unsafe driving behaviors or even fatal crashes, especially at tunnel entrance zones (Calvi and D’Amico 2013 ; Du et al. 2014a ).

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