Changes in perception of treatment efficacy are associated to the magnitude of the nocebo effect and to personality traits.

Analysis of Lot-R (assessing optimism and pessimism) revealed a nearly significant difference between the two sub-groups (t (39) = −2.012, p = 0.051) with lower scores in participants with positive Δ TENS effectiveness (12.61 ± 0.83) compared to those with negative Δ TENS effectiveness (15.22 ± 1.02), suggesting that the former were more pessimist than the latter ( Fig. 4f ).

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