Past cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3, obesity, and earlier menopause are associated with an increased risk of vulval cancer in postmenopausal women.

An American case–control study ( Brinton et al , 1990 ), which included 209 vulval cancer cases and 348 age-, race-, and residence-matched controls, found an increased risk among women with early ages at natural or surgical menopause: RR 1.89 (95% CI 0.9–3.8) for surgical menopause at <40 years and RR 1.75 (95% CI 0.8–4.1) for natural menopause at <45 years, but this association did not reach statistical significance.

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