Airport noise predicts song timing of European birds.

In all of these species, higher levels of daytime noise were significantly associated with earlier dawn song onsets (or showed a statistical trend in this direction), except for the woodpecker.

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Independent LMMs ran for each species showed that European robins, common blackbirds, blue tits, great tits, and chaffinches sang significantly earlier at the airport site compared to the control site; the Eurasian nuthatch and the great spotted woodpecker showed a trend in the same direction (Table 2 ).

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